Category Archives: Paleo Theory

Quote of the Day

Your car is designed to run on gasoline.  When you put diesel fuel into its tank, the results are disastrous for the engine.  The same principle is true for us: We are designed to run best on the wild plant and animal foods that all humans gathered and hunted just 500 generations ago.  The staples of today’s diet—cereals, dairy product, refined sugars, fatty meats, and salted processed foods—are like diesel fuel to our body’s metabolic machinery.  These foods clog our engines, make us fat, and cause disease and ill health.

Loren Cordain in The Paleo Diet

Don’t put diesel in this baby!

Quote of the Day

….built into our genes is a blueprint for optimal nutrition—a plan that spells out the foods that make us healthy, lean, and fit.  Whether you believe the architect of that blueprint is God, or God acting throughout evolution by natural selection, or by evolution alone, the end result is still the same: We need to give our bodies the foods we were originally designed to eat.

Loren Cordain in The Paleo Diet

Lean and fit Australian Aborigine

Can A Christian Be A Paleo Advocate?

If you’re squeamish about discussions of religion and God, read no further! What follows is controversial and much of it not subject to scientific investigation.

In case you’re wondering, I’m a Christian.  This simply means I believe I was given life by God, that His son Jesus became a man and died for my sins, and that I will have everlasting life in heaven for believing on this.  I strive to live the way God would want me to live, as written in the Holy Bible.  I was brought up in the Catholic faith, even attending parochial school in grades 1-8, but I’m Protestant now.  I went through an agnostic period between the ages of 19 to about 38—I’m glad I made it through that alive!

I’ve been learning more about paleo eating over the last year since it overlaps a fair amount with low-carb eating. (Paleo-style eating is also referred to as ancestral, Old Stone Age, hunter-gatherer, or the caveman diet.) The Paleolithic Era covers about 1.5 to 2 million years of human evolution, admitting that there probably hasn’t been much genetic change over the last 50,000 years (debatable). The cornerstone of paleo eating is that we should eat the things we are evolutionarily adapted to eat. We’ll be healthier that way. We didn’t have corn chips, soda pop, and candy bars 20,000 years ago, so we shouldn’t be eating them now.

Sounds reasonable, doesn’t it? Various species of animals thrive on certain foods and not others. My horses eat three meals a day – all hay; you and I couldn’t survive on that.

I have a college degree in Zoology, so I was thoroughly indoctrinated in Charles Darwin‘s evolutionary theory, at least the version current in the mid-1970s. Darwin’s theory requires no God, or didn’t include a role for God or gods. How Darwinians answer the question of Creation, I don’t know.

Many proponents of evolutionary theory seem to be atheist or agnostic. Natural selection determines who lives or dies, not the hand of God. Some brands of Christianity, but not all, reject the idea of human evolution in its entirety. They believe God created us just as we are about 6,000 years ago. So can a Christian be a paleo diet advocate?

(I don’t know where Judaism, Islam, and other major religions stand on evolution.)

Human evolution is central to paleo diet theory. A religious person may reject the idea of human evolution; can he nevertheless participate in the modern “paleo community”?

I believe God made us and the universe. There’s no proof – it’s a matter of faith. I don’t know if He made us 6,000 years ago or two million.  The bulk of the science speaks clearly against 6,000 years ago.

Our bodies are made to thrive on certain foods and not others.  That’s true for all animals.  If you find an injured bird in your yard and hope to nurse it back to health,  you better find out what it eats naturally and provide it, or you’ll fail.  The range of foods humans can thrive on is pretty broad. Whether the optimal way of eating is determined by godless evolutionary processes or by the intelligent design of a Creator doesn’t matter so much if you’re looking at it from a purely nutritional viewpoint.

From an “everlasting life” viewpoint, it matters.  Big time.

The paleo guys might be right about the best way to eat. Science continues to accumulate evidence one way or the other.

Christianity and paleo diet theory are not mutually exclusive. A Christian can ignore the possiblity of a million years of evolution, believing instead that God made our bodies in such a way that we’d be healthier eating certain foods and not others. Those foods may be the components of the paleo diet, whatever that is.

Steve Parker, M.D.

Further reading:

Carl Drews has written extensively on Christianity and Evolution, including his essay on Theistic Evolution.

Phil Porvaznik’s article on theistic evolution and the Roman Catholic Church.

Wikipedia: Catholic Church and Evolution.

Can a Christian follow a paleo low-carb diet? at Jimmy Moore’s Livin’ La Vida Low-Carb blog.

A few questions for the atheists.  Where did the universe come from?  Was it created? By whom or what?  What if God exists, and he made us for a reason and wants us to live a certain way?

Consider this excerpt from Walter Isaacson’s book, “Einstein: His Life and Universe”:

One evening in Berlin, [Albert] Einstein and his wife were at a dinner party when a guest expressed a belief in astrology. Einstein ridiculed the notion as pure superstition. Another guest stepped in and similarly disparaged religion. Belief in God, he insisted, was likewise a superstition.

At this point the host tried to silence him by invoking the fact that even Einstein harbored religious beliefs.

“It isn’t possible!” the skeptical guest said, turning to ask Einstein if he was, in fact, religious.

“Yes, you can call it that,” Einstein replied calmly. “Try and penetrate with our limited means the secrets of nature and you will find that, behind all the discernible laws and connections, there remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything we can comprehend is my religion. To that extent, I am, in fact, religious.”

Is Evolutionary Medicine a Valid Concept?

Not Harriett Hall, M.D.

Dr. Harriett Hall over at Science-Based Medicine has written a couple reviews of “evolutionary medicine” books.

Of the 2009 book, Dr. Hall writes:

Seeing everything in medicine through evolutionary glasses impresses me as more of a gimmick than as a clinically useful approach. Evolution clearly informs medical practice, but I can’t see the value of “evolutionary medicine” as a separate discipline and I can’t recommend this book.

 Her conclusion about the 1994 book:
I’m sorry, but I just don’t “get it.” Am I missing something? Am I just a contrary curmudgeon? Evolution is already an essential part of all science. Medical scientists already understand evolution and apply its principles appropriately. I didn’t see a single example in their book of any significant practical development in medical care that would not have occurred in the general course of medical science as it is commonly practiced, without any need for a separate discipline of “Darwinian medicine.” Evolutionary explanations, whether true or speculative, may satisfy our wish to understand “why,” but I can’t see that they have much objective usefulness.  Instead, they have produced at least one major annoyance: a movement that preaches to us how we ought to revert to the supposed diet of our ancestors (the Cave Man Diet, etc.).
My sense at this point is that evolutionary concepts do have a place in modern medicine, a role that has not been adequately explored and exploited.

Melanie Gores a Few Oxen

Australian Aborigine

Dietitian Melanie Thomassian at Dietriffic offers some iconoclastic ideas in her critique of the paleo diet (aka Paleolithic, Old Stone Age, caveman, or hunter-gatherer diet).  Some quotes:

I’ll be the first to admit the diet recommended by most mainstream nutritionists, dietitians, and doctors is pretty terrible, and believe it or not, I do understand why people look elsewhere for their dietary advice.

 

The philosophy and reasoning behind the whole Paleo diet, however, isn’t something I can reconcile myself to.

Melanie addresses legumes, dairy, grains, and the problem of determining prehistoric diets.

-Steve

Evidence for Human Grain Consumption 100,000 Years Ago

ScienceDaily December 17 reported findings of a Canadian archeological team who found evidence of systematic grain consumption by ancient humans in Africa:

The consumption of wild cereals among prehistoric hunters and gatherers appears to be far more ancient than previously thought, according to a University of Calgary archaeologist who has found the oldest example of extensive reliance on cereal and root staples in the diet of early Homo sapiens more than 100,000 years ago.

 

Neolithic technology

In case you’re new to the paleo diet, grains are considered verboten by most adherents.  (Paleo diet is also known as the Stone Age diet, caveman diet, and Paleolithic diet.)  The cereal grain mentioned in the ScienceDaily article is wild sorghum.

Many in the paleosphere believe that such ancient humans didn’t have the technical skills to transform wild grains into something edible on a regular basis.  I haven’t read the source material, nor do I have an opinion on whether the archeologists are correct.  I’m just sayin’…

Steve Parker, M.D.

Reference: Mercader, Julio,  et al.  Mozambican grass seed consumption during the Middle Stone Age. Science, December 18, 2009.

Alex Hutchinson on the Paleo Lifestyle

Fleas from rats spread Yersinia pestis to humans

Alex Hutchinson has a recent article in Canada’s The Globe and Mail on the potential health benefits of the paleo lifestyle.  His conclusion:

So will going paleo really pay off with better health? As a big-picture guide to how to organize your life, definitely. But don’t get carried away with trying to recreate the exact details of a long-lost diet. Humans have changed and diversified even over the past few thousand years, so the only way to know what works best for your genes is to experiment. Go wild.

The article mentions the “increasing pace of human evolution,” an idea I’m still not convinced is valid.  Sure, a large population of critters should produce more genetic variation and mutation.  But it could take longer for a successful variation to spread through that population, compared to a smaller population.  It depends on selection pressure, to some extent.  The Black Plague in 14th century Europe changed that population quicker than any single genetic mutation I know of.  It wiped out 40% of the population.  Were those who survived genetically different from those who died?

I have much respect for Alex’s thoughts on exercise.  He usually puts more research and thought into his writing.  Check out his Sweat Science blog.

Steve Parker, M.D.

Chronic Systemic Disease and Dental Problems: A Carbohydrate Connection?

Dentists are considering a return to an old theory that dietary carbohydrates first cause dental diseases, then certain systemic chronic diseases, according to a review in the June 1, 2009, Journal of Dental Research

Neither Moore nor Sorrentino, but a nice set of choppers

Jimmy Moore has a recent podcast interview with Dr. John Sorrentino, a dentist who advocates a carbohydrate-restricted paleo diet for prevention and treatment of certain common dental problems.  By coincidence, Sorrentino is an old dental school classmate of Dr. Jack KruseDr. Sorrentino has a brand new dental blog.

We’ve known for years that some dental and systemic diseases are associated with each other, both for individuals and populations.  For example, gingivitis and periodontal disease are associated with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.  The exact nature of that association is not clear.  In the 1990s it seemed that infections—chlamydia, for example—might be the unifying link, but this hasn’t been supported by subsequent research.     

The aforementioned article is written by Dr. Philippe P. Hujoel, who has been active in dental research for decades and is affiliated with the University of Washington (Seattle).  He’s no bomb-throwing, crazed, radical. 

That's more like it

The “old theory” to which I referred is the Cleave-Yudkin idea from the 1960s and ’70s that excessive intake of fermentable carbohydrates, in the absence of good dental care, leads both to certain dental diseases—caries (cavities), periodontal disease, certain oral cancers, and leukoplakia—and to some common systemic chronic non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and dementia.  In other words, dietary carbohydrates cause both dental and systemic diseases—not all cases of those diseases, of course, but some.   

Dr. Hujoel doesn’t define “fermentable” carbohydrates in the article.  My American Heritage Dictionary defines fermentation as:

  1. the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast
  2. any of a group of chemical reactions induced by living or nonliving ferments that split complex organic compunds into relatively simple substances

As reported in David Mendosa’s blog at MyDiabetesCentral.com, Dr. Hujoel said, “Non-fermentable carbohydrates are fibers.”  Dr. Hujoel also shared some personal tidbits there. 

In the context of excessive carbohydrate intake, the article frequently mentions sugar, refined carbs, and high-glycemic-index carbs.  Dental effects of excessive carb intake can appear within weeks or months, whereas the systemic effects may take decades. 

Hujoel compares and contrasts Ancel Keys’ Diet-Heart/Lipid Hypothesis with the Cleave-Yudkin Carbohydrate Theory.  In Dr. Hujoel’s view, the latest research data favor the Carbohydrate Theory as an explanation of many cases of the aforementioned dental and systemic chronic diseases.  If correct, the theory has important implications for prevention of dental and systemic diseases: namely, dietary carbohydrate restriction.

Juvenile male Homo sapiens on Neolithic diet

Adherents of low-carb diets will love this article; it supports their choices.  The standard American diet provides 55% of energy in the form of carbohydrates.  Stone Age diets on average provided 35 to 40% of energy as carbs, but rarely as the simple sugars and refined starches that characterize modern Western diets.

I agree with Dr. Hujoel that we need a long-term prospective trial of serious low-carb eating versus the standard American high-carb diet.  Take 20,000 people, randomize them to one of the two diets, follow their dental and systemic health over 15-30 years, then compare the two groups.  Problem is, I’m not sure it can be done.  It’s hard enough for most people to follow a low-carb or paleo diet for four months.  And I’m asking for 30 years?!   

Dr. Hujoel writes:

Possibly, when it comes to fermentable carbohydrates, teeth would then become to the medical and dental professionals what they have always been for paleoanthropologists: “extremely informative about age, sex, diet, health.”

Dr. Hujoel mentioned a review of six studies that showed a 30% reduction in gingivitis score by following a diet moderately reduced in carbs.  He mentions the aphorism: “no carbohydrates, no caries.”  Anyone prone to dental caries or ongoing periodontal disease should do further research to see if switching to low-carb eating might improve the situation. 

Don’t be surprised if your dentist isn’t very familiar with the concept.  Has he ever mentioned it to you?

Steve Parker, M.D.

Reference:  Hujoel, P.  Dietary carbohydrates and dental-systemic diseasesJournal of Dental Research, 88 (2009): 490-502.

Mendosa, David.  Our dental alarm bell.  MyDiabetesCentral.com, July 12, 2009.

Natural Selection

Paleo diets (aka Stone Age, Paleolithic, or caveman diets) have been increasingly popular over the last few years.  The idea is that, for optimal health, we should be eating the things that we are evolutionarily adapted to eat.  Those foods pre-date the onset of large-scale agriculture 10-12,000 years ago.  So grains, dairy products, and industial seed oils play little or no role in someone who has “gone paleo.”

My recollection from college courses years ago is that average lifespan in paleolithic times was perhaps 25-30 years, or less.  If you’re going to die at 25, it may not matter if you eat a lot of  wooly mammath, berries, insects, cholesterol, saturated fats, Doritos, Ding Dongs, or Cheetos.  The diseases of civilization we worry about today—coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, dementia, type 2 diabetes, etc.—don’t usually appear until after age 30.  Paleolithic Man worried more about starvation, infection, and predation.

More recently, I’ve read that average lifespans of Paleolithic man were so low due to high infant and childhood mortality.  If you survived early childhood, you had a much better chance to hit 50 or better.

But now we live to be 80, long enough for diet-related diseases to appear. We have cancer, heart attacks, and strokes that paleo man rarely saw because he died of trauma or infection or starvation. We even see the expression of genes that were not subjected to survival or selection pressure: Alzheimers disease, Huntingtons chorea, and some breast cancers, for example.  People with genes for these diseases reproduce before the genes do their damage.

In other words, we carry genes that don’t matter if you die at age 30. If you live longer, they express themselves, and I believe we can modify their expression through diet and lifestyle. 

Jenny Ruhl, at her Diabetes Update blog, takes a critical look at the paleo diet concept.  I’m not saying I agree or disagree with her.  Newbies should look at all sides.  

Steve Parker, M.D. 

Extra credit

For purposes of discussion, let’s assume that human evolution actually occurred over millions, or at least hundreds of thousands, of years.  In other words, assume that God didn’t make Adam and Eve in human form in one day.

The theory of evolution proposes that genes that allow an animal to live and reproduce more vigorously in a particular environment will be passed on to the animal’s offspringNature will select those genes to spread through the animal population over time, assuming the environment doesn’t change.  The offspring with those genes will be able to compete with other animals more successfully for food, shelter, and mates.  Factors that promote the persistence and inheritance of specific genes are called “selection pressure.”

Here’s an example of selection pressure.  Remember when you were in grade school on the playground, some people could naturally run faster than others?  Were you one of the fast ones?  If you’ve never seen it for yourself, take my word for it: Some people are naturally gifted with athletic genes.

Let’s say you and I are outside collecting berries and nuts in paleolithic times.  A saber-toothed tiger spots us and charges, hungry for a meal.  You don’t have to outrun the tiger: you just have to outrun me.  I’m slower than you, and get eaten.  I can no longer pass on my slow-running genes to the next generation.  You live another day and pass on your fast-running genes to your children. 

Viola!  Natural selection, via selection pressure, has promoted your genes over mine.

The tiger also passes on her genes since she was fast and smart enough to catch me, preventing starvation of her and her offspring.

[I’m 99% sure I wrote the preceeding few paragraphs originally a couple years ago.  My notes, however, hint that they may have been written by Dr. J., a regular contributor at CalorieLab.  Dr. J., let me know if I’ve plagiarized you and I’ll give you full credit and delete my writing.]

Paleo Diabetic Theory

In other words, is the paleo diet good for diabetics?

A few others have weighed in on this question in an organized fashion.  Steve Cooksey at Diabetes-Warrior.net immediately comes to mind.  Gary Rea, too (see Links at right).  Many others (hundreds or thousands?) with diabetes have been conducting paleo lifestyle experiments on themselves.

N=1 experiments (self-experimentation) are particularly helpful in the absence of randomized controlled clinical trials, the usual gold-standard study in medical science.  But N=1 experiments aren’t necessarily safe, especially for  a diabetic taking drugs that can cause hypoglycemia.

I’ve already figured out there’s not  much published scientific research on the application of paleo lifestyle choices as therapy for diabetes.  I plan to review the published literature over the coming year.  Coming up with some preliminary answers will also require some inductive reasoning and empiricism.

In thinking about the paleo lifestyle and diabetes, here are some of the issues and questions I need to address over the coming year:

Non-Diet Items 

  • exercise
  • rest
  • play
  • sun exposure
  • sleep
  • social interaction
  • diabetes prevention
  • effect on diabetic complications such as kidney disease, eye disease, nerve impairment, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), heart disease, and stroke
  • spirituality (?)
  • individual genetic variation
  • safety
  • type 1 versus type 2 diabetes
  • drugs for diabetes

Diet-Related

  • what is the paleo diet
  • glycemic index
  • effect on blood sugar
  • diabetes prevention
  • effect of individual paleo diet components on diabetes
  • effect on diabetic complications such as kidney disease, eye disease, nerve impairment, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), heart disease, stroke
  • type 1 versus type 2 diabetes

Imagine a diabetic asking his physician or dietitian, “What about the paleo diet? Can I try it?”  The typical professional is going to answer, “I don’t know.”  How many will have the time or interest to look into it?  Not many. 

Am I missing anything?  Do you know anybody else doing this in a public forum?

Steve Parker, M.D.

PS: A few diabetics don’t like to be called “diabetic.”  I mean no offense by the term.  It’s just typical medical short-hand for “people with diabetes” or “person with diabetes.”  Some blogs even use the acronym PWD.  Similarly, an asthmatic is a person with asthma, and an alcoholic is a person with alcholism.